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Tsering Yangdzom, born in Lhasa, is a researchfellow with the Institute of Social Economy, ChinaTibetology Research Center. She is co-author ofSeries of General Survey of China." Lhasa, Vicis-situdes of Families in Tibet Over the Past 40 Years,Life of Luou District Residents in Lhasa, SocialConformation of Tibetan Feudal Serfdom, andSurvey and Research Concerning Tibet's Com-merce and Handicraft Industry. She has also pub-lished a number of academic papers including"Basic Conditi*** and Development of Educationin Lhasa," "Education Issues During the EconomicDevelopment in the River Basins of Yalu Tsangpo,Lhasa and Nyang Qu," "The Formation and Evo-lution of Bkr-shis-lhun-po-dgon in TashilhunpoMonastery," "Pottery Art in Tibet," "Concerning theAristocratic Families in Tibetan History," "TheLhasa Aristocracy's Custom of Celebrating the Lu-nar New Year in Old Tibet," and "Marriage andFamilies of the Aristocracy in Old Tibet."

Preface

Introduction

Area of Study

Source of Data

Part One: Group Image of the Aristocracy in a Hierarchical Society

Chapter ⅠThe Dominant Yab-gzhis Families

Section 1 From the First to the Sixth Dalai ***

Section 2 The Seventh Dalai *** and His Family

Section 3 The Deification of Yab-gzhis Families

Section 4 A Case Study: Continuation of the Lhalu Lineage

Chapter Ⅱ The sDe-dpon Families of Noble Descent

Section I Epitome of the Aristocracy

Section 2 Prominent Families

Section 3 A Case Study: the Phalha Family

Chapter Ⅲ Authority Arising from Mi-drag Families

Section I Hierarchical Changes in a Stagnant Society

Section 2 Concept of Honor

Section 3 Struggling for Aristocratic Status

Chapter Ⅳ General Aristocratic Families

Section i Aspiring for Power and Honor

Section 2 In Persistent Pursuit of Opportunities

Section 3 Peaceful Mind in Boundless Changes

Section 4 Adhering to the Past and Relaxing in the Present

Part Two: Tibetan Aristocrats Who Stress 'Location'

Chapter Ⅴ The Solid Wall of Family

Section I Components and Honors of Aristocratic Society

Section 2 Family Structures: Polyandry and Polygamy

Section 3 Basic Family Structure and Aristocrats' Residences

Section 4 Emotional Relati*** among Family Members and Subordinates

Chapter Ⅵ The Contract of Marriage and the Status of Women

Section I Matrimonial Concepts and Matrimonial Relati***hips

Section 2 Boundary and Limits of Marriage

Section 3 Romantic Forms, Stiff Content

Section 4 Women's Position Revealed in Marriage

Chapter Ⅶ Children's Upbringing

Section I Concept of Samsara and Family Affecti***

Section 2 Upbringing of the Children of the Nobles

Section 3 Childhood -- First Step into Society

Section 4 Relati*** Between Individuals, Family and Society

Chapter Ⅷ Life of the Aristocracy

Section I Etiquette and Religious Enthusiasm

Section 2 Tibetan New Year Celebration: Religious and Secular

Section 3 Food and Attire

Section 4 Gone with the Wind

Bibliography

Postscript

次仁央宗，拉萨人。现在中国藏学研究中心社会经济所从事藏学研究工作。迄今，相关藏学著作有：《中国国情丛书·拉萨卷》（合著），《***家庭四十年变迁》（合才），《拉萨鲁因居民生活》（合著），《***封建农奴制社会形态》（合著），《***的商业与手工业调查研究》（合

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因此，当政府的权力慢慢渗入时，家族因袭而来的对土地的永久性占有成为与履行政府义务相适应的交换条件。在这种背景之下，拉嘉日的生活中心开始有所转移。最耐人寻味的是，拉嘉日家族成员最终在20世纪40年代出现了一名为政府供职的官员。据说，拉嘉日家族为了这个成员能够顺利地进入政府官僚行列，不惜借助正常的和非正常的一切渠道，其中最为明显的是家族成员通过与当时的当权派“索康”家族联姻，进行贿赂。他们原本想取得噶伦的位置，但事与愿违，官场上的事情并没有拉嘉日家族成员设想得那么简单，最终，这位打算从政的家族成员只寻得一份“扎萨”官职。虽然扎萨官职没有真正的实权，但毕竟属于***地方政府的三品官职，更何况这一官职在官僚等级中可以世袭。扎萨的取得对于政府或者对于拉嘉日家族都是一件无害的事情。显然这个爵位赠送行为带有很强的贵族利益和政治赌注的色彩。由于缺少确切的资料，作为研究者，也很难透彻地分析这种贵族之间利益交换的勾当。至于将某一官职作为一个礼物相“赠送”，对于当时的贵族政治制度来讲是一件习以为常的事情。拉嘉日家族成员最终选择置身政府官僚机构，被当时的费族认为是一种“下马骑驴”的政治游戏。事实上也的确如此，拉嘉日家族同所有的吐蕃大贵族家族一样，尽管没有人怀疑其所因袭的家族地位之神圣，但是由于在现实政治中没有明确的契约，因此，家族的神圣历史并不能保证家族在现实生活中的实际运转。不仅如此，该家族如果继续陶醉于既往的历史，其家族的利益不但得不到，甚至还会影响家族地位的现固。

擦绒父子被杀后，剩下五个女儿和噶准的妻子，无依无靠，债务沉重，处于困境。1912年，十三世***喇嘛图丹嘉措从印度返藏。当时，他的一名近侍名叫达桑占堆，经***喇嘛的侍读擦珠活佛举荐，命其还俗，入赘于擦绒家族。达桑占堆后来任噶伦和藏军司令扎萨等职。擦绒·达桑占堆，彭波人。他原是彭波达桑普布觉寺卡果尔谿卡的一家差巴户之子。因差役太重，生活困难，在无可奈何的情况下，和其弟索朗旺堆逃奔他乡谋生。在夺得洛门谿卡帮人放羊。因为两只羊被狼吃掉了，怕受主人责打，又出逃到拉萨近郊那林卡，哀求管骆驼的头人留用。他在那里干了几个月后，被介绍到孜朗杰扎仓当喇嘛。

书籍介绍

Tsering Yangdzom, born in Lhasa, is a researchfellow with the Institute of Social Economy, ChinaTibetology Research Center. She is co-author ofSeries of General Survey of China." Lhasa, Vicis-situdes of Families in Tibet Over the Past 40 Years,Life of Luou District Residents in Lhasa, SocialConformation of Tibetan Feudal Serfdom, andSurvey and Research Concerning Tibet's Com-merce and Handicraft Industry. She has also pub-lished a number of academic papers including"Basic Conditi*** and Development of Educationin Lhasa," "Education Issues During the EconomicDevelopment in the River Basins of Yalu Tsangpo,Lhasa and Nyang Qu," "The Formation and Evo-lution of Bkr-shis-lhun-po-dgon in TashilhunpoMonastery," "Pottery Art in Tibet," "Concerning theAristocratic Families in Tibetan History," "TheLhasa Aristocracy's Custom of Celebrating the Lu-nar New Year in Old Tibet," and "Marriage andFamilies of the Aristocracy in Old Tibet."